Earthquake design pressures from soil interaction on building basement walls
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.1704Abstract
Free-standing retaining walls supporting a cohesionless soil backfill are usually designed for earthquake induced soil pressures using the Mononobe-Okabe limit state analysis (Mononobe and Matsuo [1]). This method assumes the development of a failure wedge in the backfill soil leading to active soil pressures on the wall. Building basement walls are usually relatively stiff or restrained from relative displacement so the active pressure state is unlikely to arise. In addition, two components of dynamic pressure that develop on the wall need to be considered. The first of these is due the shear deformations in the soil generated by the earthquake waves. The second results from the inertia forces of the building above ground level generating movements of the wall against the soil.
Two-dimensional elastic finite element analyses were undertaken in the present study to determine the earthquake induced pressure force and its distribution on simplified basement wall structures. The parameters investigated included the width and stiffness of the basement, the depth of the soil layer and the distribution of the soil shear modulus with depth.
Because of the wide range of basement geometries and foundation types it is not possible to develop a simple empirical method that is widely applicable. However, the elastic finite element analyses identified the influence of the most important parameters and the results can be used to decide whether more detailed analyses are necessary for large buildings.
References
Mononobe N and Matsuo H (1929). “On the determination of earth pressure during earthquakes”. Proceedings of the World Engineering Conference, 9: 179-187.
Anderson KR, Wood JH and Scott J (2015). “Performance of retaining walls in the Canterbury earthquake sequence”. Proceedings of the 12th Australia New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics. Wellington, New Zealand. https://www.nzgs.org/libraries/anz-symposium-12-geomechanics-and-human-influence/
Dismuke JN (2011). “Retaining wall performance during the February 2011 Christchurch Earthquake”. Australian Earthquake Engineering Society 2011 Conference, Barossa Valley, Australia. https://aees.org.au/downloads/conference-papers/2011-2/
Riches LK (2015). “Observed earthquake damage to Christchurch City Council owned retaining walls and the repair solutions developed”. 6th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Christchurch, New Zealand. https://www.issmge.org/publications/online-library?database=59&conference=60&authors%5B%5D=145310
Stone EA, Gibson MFL, Wilkins PR and Newby G (2015). “Seismic performance of retaining walls on the Christchurch Port Hills during the 2010/2011 Canterbury Earthquakes”. Proceedings of the 12th Australia New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics. Wellington, New Zealand. https://www.nzgs.org/libraries/anz-symposium-12-geomechanics-and-human-influence/
Wood JH (2014). “Performance of retaining walls in the 2010-2011 Canterbury Earthquakes”. Earth Structures and Retention Conference, Wellington.
Gerstenberger MC, Bora S, Bradley BA, DiCaprio C, Van Dissen RJ, Atkinson GM, Chamberlain C, Christophersen A, Clark KJ and Coffey GL (2022). “New Zealand National Seismic Hazard Model 2022 Revision: Model, Hazard and Process Overview”. GNS Science Report 2022/57, GNS Science. Lower Hutt, NZ, 106pp. https://doi.org/10.21420/TB83-7X19
Stirling MW, McVerry GH and Berryman KR (2002). “A new seismic hazard model of New Zealand”. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 92: 1878–1903. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010156
Standards New Zealand (2004). “NZS1170.5: Structural Design Actions. Part 5: Earthquake Actions ‐ New Zealand”. Standards New Zealand, Wellington, 76pp. https://www.standards.govt.nz/
Standards New Zealand (2024). “Public Consultation Draft, DZ TS 1170.5: Structural Design Actions. Part 5: Earthquake Actions ‐ New Zealand”. Standards New Zealand, Wellington. 126pp. https://www.standards.govt.nz/
Ostadan F (2008). “Seismic soil pressure for building walls– An updated approach”. Bechtel Technology Journal, 1(1): 3-12.
Schnabel PB, Lysmer JH and Seed B (1972). “SHAKE: a Computer Program for Earthquake Response Analysis of Horizontally Layered Sites”. Report No. EERC, College of Engineering, University of California Berkeley, California. https://nisee.berkeley.edu/elibrary/getpkg?id=shake91
Wood JH (1973). “Earthquake-Induced Soil Pressures on Structures”. Report EERL 73-05, Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. 311pp. https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/48499-83239
Taiebat M, Amirzehni E and Finn WDL (2014). “Seismic design of basement walls: evaluation of the current practice in British Columbia”. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 51(9): 1004-1020. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0212 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0212
NBCC (2020). National Building Code of Canada: Volume 1. Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes, National Research Council of Canada. https://nrc.canada.ca/en/certifications-evaluations-standards/codes-canada/codes-canada-publications/national-building-code-canada-2020
ASCE (2010). “Design of Blast-Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities”. Second Edition, Edited by WL Bounds. 306pp. https://sp360.asce.org/personifyebusiness/Merchandise/Product-Details/productId/232590046
Amirzehni E, Taiebat M, Finn WDL and DeVall RH (2015). “Seismic performance of deep basement walls”. 6th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Christchurch, New Zealand. 9pp. https://www.issmge.org/events/6th-international-conference-on-earthquake-geotechnical-engineering
Mikola RG and Sitar N (2013). “Seismic Earth Pressures on Retaining Structures in Cohesionless Soils”. Report No. UCB GT 13-01, University of California, Berkley, 217pp. https://nisee.berkeley.edu/elibrary/geotech/2013
Candia G and Sitar N (2013). “Seismic Earth Pressures on Retaining Structures in Cohesive Soils”. Report No. UCB GT 13-02, University of California, Berkley, 161pp. https://nisee.berkeley.edu/elibrary/geotech/2013
Wagner N and Sitar N (2017). “Influence of the depth of embedment on seismic earth pressures on basement walls”. 16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (16WCEE), Santiago, Chile, Paper N° 1023, 11pp. https://www.wcee.nicee.org/wcee/article/16WCEE/WCEE2017-1023.pdf
Itasca (2012). “FLAC: Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua, Ver. 7.0”. Itasca Consulting Group Inc., Minneapolis, USA. https://www.itascacg.com/
Seed HB and Whitman RV (1970). “Design of earth retaining structures for dynamic loads”. ASCE Specialty Conference, Lateral Stresses in the Ground and Design of Earth Retaining Structures. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 103-147.
Hushmand A, Dashti S, Davis C, Hushmand B, Zhang M, Ghayoomi M, McCartney JS, Lee Y and Hu J (2016). "Seismic performance of underground reservoir structures: Insight from centrifuge modeling on the influence of structure stiffness". ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 142(7). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001477 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001477
Brandenberg SJ, Durante MG and Stewart JP (2021). “Single-frequency method for computing seismic earth pressures”. 7th International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, Singapore: Springer, 1–10. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-1468-2_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1468-2_1
Brandenberg SJ, Durante MG, Mylonakis G and Stewart JP (2020). “Winkler solution for seismic earth pressures exerted on flexible walls by vertically inhomogeneous soil”. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 146(11): 04020127. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002374 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002374
Brandenberg SJ, Mylonakis G and Stewart JP (2015). “Kinematic framework for evaluating seismic earth pressures on retaining walls”. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 141(7): 04015031. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001312 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001312
Brandenberg SJ, Mylonakis G and Stewart JP (2017). “Approximate solution for seismic earth pressures on rigid walls retaining inhomogeneous elastic soil”. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 97: 468–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.03.028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.03.028
Durante MG, Brandenberg SJ. Dashti S, Stewart JP and Mylonakis G (2019). “Analysis of seismic earth pressures on flexible underground box structures”. 7th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering – Silvestri, Moraci and Antonielli (Eds), Rome, Italy, ISBN 978-0-367-14328-2 https://www.issmge.org/publications/publication/analysis-of-seismic-earth-pressures-on-flexible-underground-box-structures
Durante MG, Stewart JP, Brandenberg SJ and Mylonakis G (2022). “Simplified solution for seismic earth pressures exerted on flexible walls”. Earthquake Spectra, 38(3): 1872-1892. https://doi.org/10.1177/87552930221083326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/87552930221083326
NEHRP (2020). “National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program: Recommended Seismic Provisions for New Buildings and Other Structures: Volume II: Part 3, Resource Papers, Paper 4, Seismic Lateral Earth Pressures”. FEMA P-2082. https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-10/fema_2020-nehrp-provisions_part-3.pdf
Timoshenko S and Godier JN (1951). Theory of Elasticity. 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York. https://www.google.co.nz/books/edition/Theory_of_Elasticity_by_S_Timoshenko_and/ialLYAAACAAJ?hl=en
Pender MJ (1993). “Aseismic pile foundation design analysis”. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 26(1): 49 – 161. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.26.1.49-160 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.26.1.49-160
Jakub M (1977). “Dynamic Stiffness of Foundations: 2-D vs. 3-D Solutions”. Publication No R77-36, Department of Civil Engineering, MIT, Massachusetts, 32pp.
Gazetas G (1982). “Analysis of machine foundation vibrations: state of the art”. International Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, University of Southampton, England. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-7277(83)90025-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-7277(83)90025-6
Gazetas G and Tassoulas JL (1987). “Horizontal stiffness of arbitrarily shaped embedded foundations”. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 113(5): 440-457. https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%290733-9410%281987%29113%3A5%28440%29 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1987)113:5(440)
Hatzikonstantinou E, Tassoulas JL, Gazetas G, Kotsanopoulos P and Fotopoulou M (1989). “Rocking stiffness of arbitrarily shaped embedded foundations”. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 115 (4): 457-472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1989)115:4(457) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1989)115:4(457)
