Development of cladding contribution functions for seismic loss estimation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.52.1.23-43Abstract
One method to rapidly estimate seismic losses during the structural design phase is to use contribution functions. These are relationships between expected losses (e.g. damage repair costs, downtime, and injury) for a wide range of building components (e.g. cladding, partitions, and ceilings) and the building’s response. This study aims to develop contribution functions for common types of cladding used in different types of buildings considering damage repair costs. In the first part of this study, a building survey was performed to identify types and quantity of cladding used in residential, commercial and industrial buildings in Christchurch, New Zealand; where it was found that the most common cladding types are glazing, masonry veneer, monolithic cladding and precast panels. The data collected during the survey was also used to develop cladding distribution (i.e. density) functions. The second step involved identifying fragility functions from relevant literature which are applicable to the cladding detailing used in New Zealand. The third step involved surveying consultants, suppliers and builders on typical repair/replacement cost. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to combine the cladding density function with the fragility functions and the repair cost for each type of cladding to derive contribution functions for various types of cladding and building usage. An example (case study) is provided to demonstrate its usage.
References
Baird A (2014). “Seismic Performance of Precast Concrete Cladding Systems”. PhD Dissertation, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, 544 pp.
Knaack U, Klein T, Bilow M and Auer T (2007). “Facades-Principles of Construction”. Berlin, Germany.
Dhakal RP, Pourali A, Tasligedik S, Yeow T, Baird A, MacRae G, Pampanin S and Palermo A (2016). “Seismic Performance of Non-Structural Components and Contents in Buildings: An Overview of NZ Research”. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 15(1): 1-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-016-0301-9
Page I (2008). “Cladding Types in New Buildings”. BUILD, BRANZ Ltd, Judgeford, Wellington, 55-56.
Deierlein GG, Krawinkler H and Cornell CA (2003). “A Framework for Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering”. Proceedings of the 7 th Pacific Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Christchurch, New Zealand, 13-15 February, 2003, Paper No 140.
Dhakal RP (2010). “First Step towards Loss Optimization Seismic Design (LOSD)”. Proceedings of the 3rd Asian Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand, 1-3 December, 2010.
Dhakal RP and Saha SK (2017). “Loss Optimization Seismic Design (LOSD): Beyond Seismic Loss Assessment”. Proceedings of the 16 th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, Chile, 9-13 January, 2017, Paper No 163.
Sullivan T (2016). “Use of Limit State Loss versus Intensity Models for Simplified Estimation of Expected Annual Loss”. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 20(6): 954-974. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2015.1112325
Dhakal RP, Pourali A and Saha SK (2016). “Simplified Seismic Loss Functions for Suspended Ceilings and Drywall Partitions”. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 49(1): 64-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.49.1.64-78
Standards New Zealand (2008). “NZS 4223.1:2008 – Glazing in Buildings Part 1: Glass Selection and Glazing”. Standards New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand.
Kaneki Y, Takeuchi T, Miyazaki K and Iwata M (2008). “Studies on Integrated Façade Engineering – Structural Performance of Integrated Facades”. AIJ Journal of Technology and Design, 14(27): 137-142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3130/aijt.14.137
Thurston SJ and King AB (1992). “Two-directional Cyclic Racking of Corner Curtain Wall Glazing”. Study Report SR 44, Building Research Association of New Zealand, Judgeford, New Zealand, 78pp.
Pinterest (2018). https://www.pinterest.nz/pin /216032113350820280/ (Accessed 15/1/2018).
Truthinstone (2015). https://www.blog.stonelegends.com (Accessed 23/07/2018).
Pro-Stucco (2010-2013). https://www.pro-stucco.com /stucco-facts.html (Accessed 27/2/2018).
PCI (2007). “Architectural Precast Concrete”. MNL-122, PCI Architectural Precast Concrete Manual Committee, Chicago, 609 pp.
Weathertight (2014). https://www.weathertight.org.nz /new-buildings/detail-solutions/wall-cladding-installation/ (Accessed 23/07/2018).
Eboss (2017). https://www.eboss.co.nz/, (Accessed 23/07/2018).
Aslani H and Miranda E (2005). “Probabilistic Earthquake Loss Estimation and Loss Disaggregation in Buildings”. Blume Report 157, The John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 383 pp.
Smirnov N (1948). “Table for Estimating the Goodness of Fit of Empirical Distributions”. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 19: 279-281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177730256
O’Brien WC, Memari AM, Kremer PA and Behr RA (2012). “Fragility Curves for Architectural Glass in Stick- Built Glazing Systems”. Earthquake Spectra, 28(2): 639- 665. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000011
Petry S and Beyer K (2015). “Limit States of Modern Unreinforced Clay Brick Masonry Walls Subjected to In-Plane Loading”. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 13:1073-1095. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9695-9
Arnold A, Uang CM and Osteraas J (2004). “Cyclic Performance and Damage Assessment of Stucco and Gypsum Sheathed Walls”. Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, Canada, 1-6 August, 2004, Paper No 1484.
Stats NZ (2017). https://www.stats.govt.nz/methods/price-indexes-for-the-construction-industry. (Accessed 25/07/18).
Standards New Zealand (2004). “NZS 1170.5:2004 – Structural Design Actions Part 5: Earthquake Actions New Zealand”. Standards New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand.
Housing New Zealand (2014). “Technical Report on the Results of Foundation Repair Trials Conducted Following the Canterbury Earthquakes”. Housing New Zealand Corporation, Christchurch, New Zealand, 203pp.