Focusing on reducing the earthquake damage to facade systems
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.44.2.108-120Abstract
Earthquake engineering is facing an extraordinarily challenging era. These challenges are driven by the increasing expectations of modern society to provide low-cost, architecturally appealing structures with high seismic performance. Modern structures need to be able to withstand a design level earthquake with limited or negligible damage such that disruption to business be minimised because of the economic consequences of such downtime.
Technological solutions for seismic resisting structural systems are emerging. However, within the goal of developing a seismic-resisting building, not only the structural skeleton of the building but the entire system must be fully protected from damage. This includes the non-structural components of the building such as the claddings, ceilings and contents. Substantial studies are still required to develop technological solutions and design methods capable of achieving such an earthquake resistance structure.
This paper presents a review of current technology for facades, including design guidelines for seismic-resistant non-structural components and the steps made towards a performance-based design framework. Alternative conceptual strategies and technical solutions to reduce the damage to non-structural elements will also be introduced.
References
Charleson, A. (2008). Seismic Design for Architects: Outwitting the Quake. Architectural Press.
Miranda, E. (2006). Assessment of Seismic Acceleration Demands on Buildings and Nonstructural Components. Seminar taken at the University of Naples "Federico II", 15th November 2006.
Dolsek, M., & Fajfar, P. (2008). The Effect of Masonry Infills on the Seismic Response of a Four-Storey Reinforced Concrete Frame. Engineering Structures , 30 (7), 1991-2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.01.001
Galli, M. (2007). Evaluation of the seismic response of existing R.C. fame buildings with masonry infills. Pavia, Italy: Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori.
Page, I. (2008, December). Cladding Types in New Buildings. BUILD , pp. 55-56.
Okazaki, T., Nakashima, M., Suita, K., & Matusmiya, T. (2007). Interaction between Cladding and Structural Frame Observed in a Full-Scale Steel Building Test. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics , 36 (1), 35-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.618
Das, S.K. (1986). “A study of Exterior Facades – Problems and Solutions,” Proceedings, Application and Performance of Structural Materials and Exterior Facades, ASCE, Boston, MA, pp. 92-114.
Wright, P.D. (1989). “The development of a procedure and rig for testing the racking resistance of curtain wall glazing,” Building Research Association of New Zealand. BRANZ Study Report SR 17, Judgeford.
Standards New Zealand (2008). “Testing of building facades, AS/NZS 4284:2008”, Standards New Zealand.
Standards New Zealand (2002). “Structural Design Actions, Part 0 General Principles– New Zealand, NZS 1170.0:2002”, Standards New Zealand.
FEMA 356. (2000). Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Building. FEMA.
Standards New Zealand (2004). “Structural Design Actions, Part 5 Earthquake Actions – New Zealand, NZS 1170.5:2004”, Standards New Zealand.
FEMA 450. (2003). NEHRP Recommended Provisions and Commentary for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures. FEMA. Single panel Vertically modulated panels Horizontally modulated panels Cladding panel Curtain wall
Eurocode 8. (2004). Design of structures for earthquake resistance.
Pampanin, S. (2005). Emerging Solutions for High Seismic Performance of Precast/Prestressed Concrete Buildings. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology , 3 (2), 207-223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.3.207
SEAOC Vision 2000 Committee. (1995). Performance-based seismic engineering. Sacramento, California: Structural Engineers Associate of California.
Magenes, G., & Pampanin, S. (2004). Sesimic Response of Gravity-Load Design Frames with Masonry Infill. 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Vancouver, Canada.
Crisafulli, F.J. (1997) „Seismic Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Structures with Masonry Infills‟, PhD Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
Cohen, J.M. (1993). Feasibility of two-level seismic retrofit using an energy dissipating cladding system. Cladding Research Institute. Report No. CRI-93/01, Emeryville, Calif.
Nguyen, Q.V. (2009). Seismic Energy Dissipation of Buildings Using Engineering Cladding Systems. Masters Thesis, University of Massachusetts, USA
Hunt, J., & Stojadinovic, B. (2008). Nonlinear Dynamic Model for Seismic Analysis of Non-Structural Cladding. Paper presented at the 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering: Innovation Practice Safety, Beijing, China
Pampanin, S. (2009) Alternative Performance-Based Retrofit Strategies and Solutions for Existing R.C. Buildings”, Chapter 13 within the Book “Seismic Risk Assessment and Retrofitting - with special emphasis on existing low rise structures”- (Editors: A. Ilki, F. Karadogan, S. Pala and E. Yuksel) Publisher Springer, pp. 267-295 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2681-1_13
Arnold, C. (1990). Architectural Precast Cladding. Cladding Design: Recent Architectural Trends and Their Impact on Seismic Design, (pp. 29-30). Chicago, USA.
Massey, W. & Megget, L. (1992). Architectural Design for Earthquake: A Guide to the Design of Non-Structural Elements. New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering.
Lukkunaprasit, P., Wanitkorkul, A. and Filiatrault, A. (2004). Performance deterioration of slotted-bolted connection due to bolt impact and remedy by restrainers. Thirteenth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
De Matteis, G. (2005). Effect of Lightweight Cladding Panels on the Seismic Performance of Moment Resisting Steel Frames. Engineering Structures , 27 (11) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.06.004
Goodno, B.J., Pinelli, J., & Craig, J. I. (1996). An Optimal Design Approach for Passive Damping of Building Structures Using Architectural Cladding. Eleventh World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Acapulco; Mexico.
Pinelli, J.P., C., Craig, J.I., Goodno, B.J., and Hsu, C.C. (1993), “Passive Control of Building Response Using Energy Dissipating Cladding Connections,” Earthquake Spectra, 9(3), pp. 529-546. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585728
Memari, A.M., & Aliaari, M. (2004). Seismic Isolation of Masonry Infill Walls. Proceedings of the 2004 Structures Congress. Nashville, Tennessee; USA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/40700(2004)17
World Housing Encyclopaedia. (2008). Confined Masonry Network.. Retrieved from http://www.world-housing.net/
Almusallam, T.H., & Al-Salloum, Y.A. (2007). Behavior of FRP Strengthened Infill Walls under In-Plane Seismic Loading. Journal of Composites for Construction, 11 (3), 308-318. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2007)11:3(308)
Shing, P.B., Stavridis, A., Koutromanos, I., Willam, K., Blackard, B., Kyriakides, M.A., et al. (2009). Seismic Performance of Non-Ductile RC Frames with Brick Infill. Proceedings of the 2009 ATC & SEI Conference, San Francisco, California: USA DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/41084(364)102
Yang, E. (2008). Designing added functions in engineered cementitious composites. University of Michigan, USA
